Archive for roulette

unbiased estimation of a reciprocal

Posted in Books, Statistics, University life with tags , , , , , , , , on November 8, 2024 by xi'an

As often, I came a’X this 2007 paper following an X-validated (if poorly worded) question that linked to it. With weird arguments:

  1. Computing an unbiased estimate of the integral induced by an unnormalised density f is a poor sales argument, as the renormalised object is not a probability density. Call to the unbiased approximation of Bayes factors the paper does not!
  2. The proposed solution involves a replacement of the unnormalised density f  by a substitute and normalised density h  that leads to the identity

\frac{f(y)}{\int f(x)\text dx}=\frac{hf(y)}{1-\int [h(x)-h(y)f(x)/f(x)]\text dx}=\frac{hf(y)}{1-a(y)}

with the assumption that the function a  is between -1 and 1, which requires some insight about the connection between f  and h.

  1. The unbiased estimator is an infinite power series in a(y). Requiring an increasing number of independent generations as the power grows.
  2. The series is unbiasedly terminated by playing roulette (if not Russian roulette!). Stopping when the k-th power estimate is below a certain bound. To be selected with no preliminary knowledge of the range of a.
  3. The uncertainty attached to the power series estimate is not evaluate and could reach the concerning level of an infinite variance.

that may explain for its limited popularity.

 

my own personal hope for the future is that we won’t have to build any more random number generators…

Posted in Books, Statistics, University life with tags , , , , , , on April 19, 2020 by xi'an

Came perchance upon this reminiscence about the generation of the 10⁶ random digits found in the book published by the RAND Corporation. It took them a month to produce half a million digits, exploiting a “random frequency pulse source gated by a constant frequency pulse” behaving like a “roulette wheel with 32 positions, making on the average 3000 revolutions on each turn”. As the outcome failed on the odd/even ratio test, the RAND engineers randomized further the outcome by adding “(mod 10) the digits in each card, digit by digits, to the corresponding digits of the previous card”. (Cards as in punched cards, the outcome being printed 50 digits at a time on I.B.M. cards.) A last piece of Monte Carlo trivia is that the electronic roulette at the basis of this random generator was devised by Hastings, Cecil not Wilfred Keith. (And RAND is an abbreviation of Research and Development, not of randomness!)